How the Ozone Hole Threatens Climate Doomism
Hannah discusses the new optimistic outlook on climate doomism amid the reparation of the ozone layer.
We seem to be reminded of climate doomism wherever we look. News channels blast videos of skies ravaged orange by fire and polar bears left stranded on lonely blocks of ice. Every day, millions of people walk by the massive countdown displayed on city buildings in Berlin, New York, Seoul, Rome, and Glasgow, a constant reminder that climate doom seems to be inevitable. But behind the façade maintained by mass media to alarm and engage, climate mitigation is working.
The United Nations’ 2022 Scientific Assessment Panel, published every four years as a progress update for the Montreal Protocol, confirmed that the Earth’s ozone layer is on track to heal completely within 40 years. The Montreal Protocol, first signed in 1987, has come to fruition as one of the most, if not the most, successful environmental agreements in history. Originally, the protocol agreed to freeze the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS), specifically chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), at 1987 rates, but it has been amended over time to phase out the substances completely. 2022’s panel confirmed that almost 99% of banned ozone-depleting substances have been phased out. Today, the Montreal Protocol is the only treaty to achieve universal ratification, with CFC bans in 197 countries and a 98% treaty compliance rate.
The United States estimates that unregulated, ozone depletion would have resulted in an additional 6.3 million skin cancer deaths, $4.2 trillion in healthcare costs, and 22 million Americans born between 1985 and 2100 that would suffer from cataracts. Furthermore, the Montreal Protocol has prevented greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions equivalent to 135 billion tons of CO2.
Let’s rewind — how did the Montreal Protocol come into effect, and how is it so successful?
In 1985, three scientists observed unexpectedly large decreases in stratospheric ozone levels over Antarctica. The report published by Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner, and Jonathan Shanklin was the first evidence of what soon came to be known as the “ozone hole.” Farman, Gardiner, and Shanklin suggested that the depletion of ozone was linked to human activity — specifically, to the use of CFCs, chemical compounds often used in refrigerants and aerosols.
The international community treated the report with gravity and, crucially, with urgency. Just two years after the initial discovery of the ozone hole, policymakers signed the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Collaboration between developed and developing states through a “common but differentiated responsibility” was essential to its success: the protocol specified differing timelines for developed and developing countries, and in 1991 established the Multilateral Fund, which provided financial and technical resources to help developing countries meet phase-out goals. Governments can draw inspiration from the fund in the future to aid with other climate objectives in which developing countries lack access to crucial capital or technology.
Despite the impressive thoroughness of policymakers, the Montreal Protocol would not have achieved its immense success without the collaboration of the people. At the time Farman, Gardiner, and Shanklin published their report, the environmental movement was rapidly gaining momentum in the US. Environmental organizations like the Sierra Club and Friends of the Earth were first unified by the campaign to regulate ozone depletion. Their campaigns reached a global network of citizens appalled by the recent revelations about the impact of human activity on the environment — and eager to do something about it. Companies across varying industries reacted to citizen pressures to stop using polluting CFCs: McDonalds cut CFCs from its packaging in 1987 after being inundated by letters from children concerned about the ozone hole.
The influence of public opinion on the industry was crucial: by the time the Montreal Protocol was ratified, public pressure had primed the market to phase out CFCs and search for alternatives. At first, the US was hesitant to ratify the protocol due to resistance from DuPont, the American company that produced a quarter of global CFC. However, reacting to public pressures, DuPont publicly supported the Montreal Protocol, which allowed the company to smoothly infiltrate the market for CFC alternatives and start exporting to Europe. The US, following suit, soon became a leader in the push for ozone regulation.
The past eight years were the warmest on record. Currently, there are only six and a half years left on the climate clock displayed across the world. As we face the challenges of saving a planet in the six and a half years, it is imperative that we remember the success of the Montreal Protocol. It will not be easy, and it will take all the time we have — the removal of ozone-depleting substances happened over decades, not days — but with resilience, we will prevail. Reflecting on the 35 years since the Montreal Protocol was first signed, climate doomism is replaced by climate optimism.
After the release of the 2022 panel, UN Secretary-General António Guterres tweeted that the reparation of the ozone layer is “an encouraging example of what the world can achieve when we work together.”
https://medicationnoprescription.pro/# mexico prescription drugs online
rxpharmacycoupons: no prescription needed canadian pharmacy – canadian pharmacy coupon
can you buy prescription drugs in canada online drugs no prescription medication online without prescription
https://edpill.top/# ed pills for sale
http://onlinepharmacyworld.shop/# foreign pharmacy no prescription
It’s a game. Five dollars is free. Try it It’s not an easy game ->-> 토토사이트.com
http://onlinepharmacyworld.shop/# canadian pharmacy discount coupon
ed medications online: erectile dysfunction medicine online – how to get ed meds online
canadian pharmacy coupon code legit non prescription pharmacies canadian pharmacy no prescription
buying ed pills online erectile dysfunction pills online or ed online prescription
https://www.google.fi/url?q=https://edpill.top online erectile dysfunction prescription
order ed pills online best online ed treatment and ed pills cheap erection pills online
buying prescription drugs online from canada: canadian pharmacy without prescription – canadian prescription drugstore review
https://medicationnoprescription.pro/# canadian pharmacy non prescription
https://medicationnoprescription.pro/# cheap prescription medication online
rxpharmacycoupons: canadian pharmacy without prescription – canada pharmacy not requiring prescription
https://edpill.top/# buy erectile dysfunction pills
best no prescription online pharmacy canada pharmacies online prescriptions buy prescription drugs on line
order medication without prescription: online drugs no prescription – how to get a prescription in canada
http://edpill.top/# how to get ed pills
https://onlinepharmacyworld.shop/# cheapest pharmacy to get prescriptions filled
legit non prescription pharmacies prescription drugs from canada legal online pharmacy coupon code
http://medicationnoprescription.pro/# buy prescription drugs without a prescription
canada mail order prescriptions online drugstore no prescription or no prescription medicines
http://flthk.com/en/productshow.asp?id=22&mnid=49487&mc=FLT-V1/V2&url=https://medicationnoprescription.pro canadian and international prescription service
mexico prescription drugs online canadian pharmacy online no prescription needed and no prescription online pharmacy canadian prescription drugstore review
online pharmacies no prescription usa: online pharmacy reviews no prescription – cheap prescription drugs online
casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam: casino online uy tín – dánh bài tr?c tuy?n
casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam game c? b?c online uy tin web c? b?c online uy tin
buy micronase 5mg online cheap – purchase glyburide generic order dapagliflozin 10 mg
https://casinvietnam.com/# casino tr?c tuy?n uy tin
choi casino tr?c tuy?n tren di?n tho?i game c? b?c online uy tin or choi casino tr?c tuy?n tren di?n tho?i
https://images.google.sh/url?sa=t&url=https://casinvietnam.com game c? b?c online uy tin
choi casino tr?c tuy?n tren di?n tho?i casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam and casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam casino online uy tin
https://casinvietnam.com/# game c? b?c online uy tin
casino tr?c tuy?n casino tr?c tuy?n or casino tr?c tuy?n uy tin
https://images.google.rw/url?sa=t&url=https://casinvietnam.shop casino online uy tin
casino tr?c tuy?n game c? b?c online uy tin and choi casino tr?c tuy?n tren di?n tho?i game c? b?c online uy tin
casino tr?c tuy?n uy tin casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam
casino tr?c tuy?n: casino tr?c tuy?n – casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam
game c? b?c online uy tin choi casino tr?c tuy?n tren di?n tho?i or danh bai tr?c tuy?n
http://gambling-trade.com/cgi-bin/topframe.cgi?url=http://casinvietnam.shop/ casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam
game c? b?c online uy tin web c? b?c online uy tin and choi casino tr?c tuy?n tren di?n tho?i game c? b?c online uy tin
casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam casino online uy tin or casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam
https://clients1.google.cd/url?q=https://casinvietnam.shop casino tr?c tuy?n
choi casino tr?c tuy?n tren di?n tho?i web c? b?c online uy tin and danh bai tr?c tuy?n casino tr?c tuy?n uy tin
casino online uy tin game c? b?c online uy tin casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam
web c? b?c online uy tin choi casino tr?c tuy?n tren di?n tho?i or web c? b?c online uy tin
http://maps.google.ms/url?q=https://casinvietnam.com web c? b?c online uy tin
casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam and choi casino tr?c tuy?n tren di?n tho?i web c? b?c online uy tin
casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam casino tr?c tuy?n
repaglinide 1mg without prescription – purchase repaglinide online cheap brand empagliflozin 25mg
danh bai tr?c tuy?n danh bai tr?c tuy?n casino tr?c tuy?n uy tin
order glycomet 500mg without prescription – glycomet buy online buy precose generic
choi casino tr?c tuy?n tren di?n tho?i danh bai tr?c tuy?n casino tr?c tuy?n uy tin
casino tr?c tuy?n: casino online uy tín – casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam
casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam casino online uy tin choi casino tr?c tuy?n tren di?n tho?i
casino tr?c tuy?n choi casino tr?c tuy?n tren di?n tho?i casino tr?c tuy?n vi?t nam
http://mexicoph24.life/# buying from online mexican pharmacy
safe canadian pharmacies Large Selection of Medications from Canada safe canadian pharmacy
https://canadaph24.pro/# reliable canadian pharmacy
online pharmacy india: indian pharmacy – online pharmacy india
northern pharmacy canada canadian pharmacies 77 canadian pharmacy
https://canadaph24.pro/# canadian mail order pharmacy
http://canadaph24.pro/# reliable canadian pharmacy
http://canadaph24.pro/# canadian pharmacy price checker
canadian pharmacy ratings Prescription Drugs from Canada canada drugs
http://indiaph24.store/# top 10 pharmacies in india
https://canadaph24.pro/# canadian pharmacy ltd
medicine in mexico pharmacies cheapest mexico drugs purple pharmacy mexico price list
reputable indian online pharmacy Cheapest online pharmacy top 10 pharmacies in india
https://canadaph24.pro/# canadian pharmacy antibiotics
global pharmacy canada Large Selection of Medications from Canada best mail order pharmacy canada
canada pharmacy online canadian pharmacy no scripts legitimate canadian pharmacy
http://indiaph24.store/# online pharmacy india
online shopping pharmacy india indian pharmacy fast delivery world pharmacy india
https://indiaph24.store/# india pharmacy mail order
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa: mexico pharmacy – mexican rx online
buy prescription drugs from india Generic Medicine India to USA indian pharmacy
http://canadaph24.pro/# best rated canadian pharmacy
http://canadaph24.pro/# precription drugs from canada
mexico drug stores pharmacies mexico pharmacy buying prescription drugs in mexico online
http://mexicoph24.life/# mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
medication from mexico pharmacy: Mexican Pharmacy Online – medication from mexico pharmacy
buy medicines online in india reputable indian pharmacies buy prescription drugs from india
http://mexicoph24.life/# mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
http://canadaph24.pro/# canadian pharmacy phone number
cheapest online pharmacy india indian pharmacy fast delivery reputable indian online pharmacy
pharmacy website india buy medicines from India online pharmacy india
http://indiaph24.store/# reputable indian online pharmacy
canadian online pharmacy reviews: Prescription Drugs from Canada – canadian online pharmacy
best india pharmacy indian pharmacy fast delivery reputable indian online pharmacy
pharmacy website india indian pharmacy fast delivery indianpharmacy com
https://canadaph24.pro/# certified canadian international pharmacy
https://indiaph24.store/# india pharmacy
reputable mexican pharmacies online Online Pharmacies in Mexico buying prescription drugs in mexico online
https://indiaph24.store/# buy medicines online in india
indian pharmacy: Generic Medicine India to USA – reputable indian pharmacies
lamisil 250mg pills – order griseofulvin pills purchase grifulvin v pill
india online pharmacy Generic Medicine India to USA top 10 pharmacies in india
https://mexicoph24.life/# best mexican online pharmacies
https://indiaph24.store/# Online medicine home delivery
п»їbest mexican online pharmacies mexican pharmacy reputable mexican pharmacies online
http://canadaph24.pro/# canadian pharmacy review
reputable indian pharmacies indian pharmacy fast delivery indianpharmacy com
https://canadaph24.pro/# safe online pharmacies in canada
rybelsus 14 mg cost – buy semaglutide desmopressin us
canadian pharmacy drugs online Certified Canadian Pharmacies canadian discount pharmacy
vipps approved canadian online pharmacy Licensed Canadian Pharmacy canada drugs
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs Online Pharmacies in Mexico reputable mexican pharmacies online
https://mexicoph24.life/# mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
northwest pharmacy canada: Licensed Canadian Pharmacy – safe online pharmacies in canada
purple pharmacy mexico price list buying from online mexican pharmacy medicine in mexico pharmacies
http://indiaph24.store/# pharmacy website india
best online pharmacies in mexico mexico pharmacy purple pharmacy mexico price list
http://indiaph24.store/# best india pharmacy
mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa mexican pharmacy mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
https://mexicoph24.life/# best online pharmacies in mexico
mexico drug stores pharmacies mexico pharmacy buying from online mexican pharmacy
mexican rx online: Online Pharmacies in Mexico – п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
https://canadaph24.pro/# best canadian pharmacy to buy from
world pharmacy india indian pharmacy fast delivery cheapest online pharmacy india
http://mexicoph24.life/# medication from mexico pharmacy
mexico drug stores pharmacies mexico drug stores pharmacies best online pharmacies in mexico
https://canadaph24.pro/# vipps canadian pharmacy
best online pharmacies in mexico: mexico pharmacy – mexican mail order pharmacies
mexico drug stores pharmacies best online pharmacies in mexico or mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
https://maps.google.ki/url?q=http://mexicoph24.life mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
medication from mexico pharmacy buying from online mexican pharmacy and purple pharmacy mexico price list buying prescription drugs in mexico
canada rx pharmacy world Certified Canadian Pharmacies ordering drugs from canada
https://canadaph24.pro/# canada ed drugs
pharmacy website india indian pharmacies safe or online shopping pharmacy india
https://maps.google.cd/url?sa=t&url=https://indiaph24.store pharmacy website india
indian pharmacy online world pharmacy india and Online medicine order indianpharmacy com
indian pharmacy online indian pharmacy online pharmacy india
http://indiaph24.store/# top 10 online pharmacy in india
india online pharmacy Generic Medicine India to USA п»їlegitimate online pharmacies india
http://canadaph24.pro/# pharmacy com canada
generic nizoral 200mg – order butenafine online oral itraconazole 100 mg
canadian pharmacies comparison: Licensed Canadian Pharmacy – canada drugs reviews
canadian pharmacies comparison Certified Canadian Pharmacies canada discount pharmacy
https://indiaph24.store/# india online pharmacy
best online pharmacy india buy medicines from India mail order pharmacy india
http://mexicoph24.life/# mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
http://canadaph24.pro/# canadian pharmacy scam
online canadian pharmacy canadian pharmacies canada pharmacy reviews
mexican pharmaceuticals online Mexican Pharmacy Online mexico drug stores pharmacies
buy prescription drugs from india: mail order pharmacy india – top 10 online pharmacy in india
canada discount pharmacy canada pharmacy online legit or canadian pharmacy india
https://maps.google.com.py/url?q=https://canadaph24.pro reputable canadian pharmacy
canadian pharmacies that deliver to the us canadian pharmacies comparison and canadian pharmacy phone number reputable canadian online pharmacy
mexican mail order pharmacies mexican pharmacy buying from online mexican pharmacy
http://mexicoph24.life/# medication from mexico pharmacy
https://mexicoph24.life/# mexican rx online
п»їlegitimate online pharmacies india Cheapest online pharmacy indian pharmacy paypal
https://indiaph24.store/# indian pharmacy paypal
indian pharmacy Generic Medicine India to USA indian pharmacy paypal
http://canadaph24.pro/# canadian neighbor pharmacy
purple pharmacy mexico price list: cheapest mexico drugs – mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
legit canadian pharmacy Prescription Drugs from Canada my canadian pharmacy rx
https://canadaph24.pro/# canadian pharmacy meds
http://canadaph24.pro/# medication canadian pharmacy
https://mexicoph24.life/# best online pharmacies in mexico
top online pharmacy india buy medicines from India indianpharmacy com
online pharmacy india https://indiaph24.store/# best online pharmacy india
top 10 online pharmacy in india