Money and Identity: The Socio-Political Power of Ancient Coinage and the Emergence of Greco-Bactrian Culture

Michael breaks down the changes in coinage in the Greco-Bactrian kingdom and how this reflects socio-political change.

Deep in the heart of Central Asia, near modern Afghanistan, lies a civilisation lost to time, the Kingdom of Greco-Bactria, a symbol of the interconnected nature of the ancient world. For hundreds of years, the Kingdom of Greco-Bactria served as a hub of multiculturalism along the Silk Road. The taxation of luxury goods along the Silk Road and abundant natural resources allowed the Greco-Bactrians funded the building of hundreds of cities. Yet, despite this cultural impact the Greco-Bactrians had on Central Asia, little remains besides their coinage. Although some historians have argued how the traces of the Greco-Bactrian culture perished after the kingdom fell, the coins produced during and after the end of Greco-Bactrian control of the region hints at the contrary.

 

 

After Alexander the Great’s death in 323 B.C.E, his empire fractured between his generals in the period known as the Wars of the Diadochi. One of these successor states, the Seleucid Empire, founded by Seleucus I Nicator, owned the territory would become the Greco-Bactrian kingdom. In 250 B.C.E, Diodotus I broke Bactria away from the Seleucid Empire, ruled at the time by Antiochus II, and immediately began to change the coinage.

Three types of coins from the beginning of Diodotus’ reign have emerged: the normal omissions with the image and name of Antiochus; a new type with the figure of Zeus hurling a thunderbolt, bearing Antiochus’ name, but with Diodotus’ portrait and royal diadem; the third similar to the latter, but bearing the name and portrait of Diodotus. Diodotus consolidated control by replacing one aspect in each increment of the coins, which may have hid the transition from Seleucid to Greco-Bactrian rule. Later Greco-Bactrian rulers would continue this pattern of coinage, modelled after Diodotus’ designs. At the same time, the Greco-Bactrians continued using the “Attic standard”, a silver-based weight system for coins introduced by Seleucus.

Diodotus II “only issued coins with his father’s portrait”, transplanting the practice from Greece. This demonstrates how the Greco-Bactrian elites had not completely adapted to their new environment, clinging onto a more Greek culture than his successor. Euthydemus I usurped Diodotus II’s throne, founding the Euthydemid dynasty, which marked the expansion into India.

Before the Euthydemids began this expansion, Euthydemus repelled a Seleucid attempt to reconquer Bactria, celebrated by minting a Greek-style commemorative coin, suggesting the presence of Greek artisans and the start of the preservation and localisation of Greek minting techniques in Greco-Bactria. Euthydemus’ coin starts the Greco-Bactrian tradition of minting commemorative coins to celebrate accomplishments and predecessors, becoming popular amongst later Greco-Bactrian kings. The discovery of coins with differing depictions of the king suggests Greek coin-makers took on apprentices, cementing the localisation of minting practices and the development of a unique Greco-Bactrian identity.

 

Silver tetradrachm of Demetrios I

Euthydemus’ successor, Demetrius I, depicted himself with “an elephant scalp helmet” to represent his mig ht, starting a tradition of headgear on Greco-Bactrian coinage. Furthermore, Demetrius set a precedent for Greco-Bactrian rulers with bilingual Greek/Kharosthicoinage that weighed less than the Attic standard in order to integrate the local populations of his new territories.

Pantaleon, a successor king in Bactria, continued yet adapted many Greek traditions by issuing coins where Hekate holds two torches, whereas the reverse on Alexander’s coins depicts an image of Zeus. Pantaleon and subsequent Indo-Greek rulers changed the shape to a rectangle with Greek script on one side and Brahmi on the obverse, alongside foreign god Lakṣmī, highlighting the commitment to cultural syncretism which developed. This is exhibited (in addition to bilingual currency through rectangular currency) the placement of different gods and the depiction of more elephants to fit with the local culture’s assumptions on power.

Bronze coin of Agathokles

Eucratides the Great, after seizing the throne from the Euthydemids, continued their custom of bilingual coinage and elite headpieces, to compare his own successes during the civil war to the conquests of Alexander the Great. Eucratides introduced the usage of the uniquely Indian title, “rajadirajasa”, a translation of his own title, on his bilingual coins to guarantee his commitment to and dominance over his Kharoshti subjects. Eucratides perpetuates this trend of gradual changes in the Greco-Bactrian coinage started by Diodotus I, ensuring stability while adapting to the local culture.

After the collapse of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, Timarchus took Eucratides’ title of Great King and minted coins imitating Eucratides, unintentionally mimicking Diodotus I’s secession methods. Although Timarchus may or not have known who Eucratides was, these post-collapse coins provide proof that Greco-Bactrian culture lived on through the nomads. In India, Asoka the Great, erected several bilingual Greek/Prakit pillars to display regal messages, suggesting the presence of educated Greeks who integrated into the local populations. These archaeological discoveries provide a substantial piece of evidence to the survival of a distinctive Greco-Bactrian culture.

The Greco-Bactrians maintained control of the region because they respected the indigenous Bactrian culture, allowing the Greek and Bactrian cultures to form one distinctive culture. The coins which years of archaeological discoveries have yielded only seem to prove the mixture of these two cultures. Each ruler made gradual alterations to the coinage from Diodotus I to Eucratides the Great until a unique coin-making tradition emerged, paralleling the development of the Greco-Bactrian culture, which the successors to the Greco-Bactrian kingdom preserved in their very own coin minting techniques.

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  115. Almanya’nın en çok tercih edilen medyumu haluk yıldız hoca olarak bilinmektedir, 40 yıllık tecrübesi ile sizlere en iyi bağlama işlemini yapan ilk medyum hocadır.

  116. Thanks for the thoughts you have discussed here. In addition, I believe there are numerous factors which will keep your motor insurance premium all the way down. One is, to take into account buying vehicles that are within the good directory of car insurance firms. Cars which are expensive will be more at risk of being lost. Aside from that insurance coverage is also based on the value of your truck, so the higher in price it is, then higher the actual premium you pay.

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  118. Merhaba Ben Haluk Hoca, Aslen Irak Asıllı Arap Hüseyin Efendinin Torunuyum. Yaklaşık İse 40 Yıldır Havas Ve Hüddam İlmi Üzerinde Sizlere 100 Sonuç Veren Garantili Çalışmalar Hazırlamaktayım, 1964 Yılında Irak’ın Basra Şehrinde Doğdum, Dedem Arap Hüseyin Efendiden El Aldım Ve Sizlere 1990 lı Yıllardan Bu Yana Medyum Hocalık Konularında Hizmet Veriyorum, 100 Sonuç Vermiş Olduğum Çalışmalar İse, Giden Eşleri Sevgilileri Geri Getirme, Aşk Bağlama, Aşık Etme, Kısmet Açma, Büyü Bozma Konularında Garantili Sonuçlar Veriyorum, Başta Almanya Fransa Hollanda Olmak Üzere Dünyanın Neresinde Olursanız Olun Hiç Çekinmeden Benimle İletişim Kurabilirsiniz.

  119. I acquired more something totally new on this fat loss issue. A single issue is that good nutrition is especially vital while dieting. A tremendous reduction in junk food, sugary food items, fried foods, sugary foods, beef, and whitened flour products can be necessary. Possessing wastes parasites, and toxic compounds may prevent targets for fat loss. While a number of drugs in the short term solve the situation, the awful side effects will not be worth it, and they also never give more than a non permanent solution. This is a known fact that 95 of fad diets fail. Many thanks sharing your thinking on this website.

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  121. One thing is the fact one of the most popular incentives for utilizing your credit card is a cash-back as well as rebate present. Generally, you’ll have access to 1-5 back for various purchases. Depending on the cards, you may get 1 returning on most buying, and 5 again on expenditures made from convenience stores, gasoline stations, grocery stores and also ‘member merchants’.

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  126. Dünyaca ünlü medyum haluk hoca, 40 yıllık uzmanlık ve tecrübesi ile sizlere en iyi hizmetleri vermeye devam ediyor, Aşk büyüsü bağlama büyüsü giden sevigiliyi geri getirme.

  127. Dünyaca ünlü medyum haluk hoca, 40 yıllık uzmanlık ve tecrübesi ile sizlere en iyi hizmetleri vermeye devam ediyor, Aşk büyüsü bağlama büyüsü giden sevigiliyi geri getirme.

  128. I have observed that in cameras, specialized devices help to {focus|concentrate|maintain focus|target|a**** automatically. The particular sensors involving some video cameras change in contrast, while others utilize a beam with infra-red (IR) light, particularly in low lumination. Higher standards cameras from time to time use a mix of both models and will often have Face Priority AF where the video camera can ‘See’ a new face as you concentrate only in that. Thanks for sharing your thinking on this weblog.

  129. Thanks for the post. My spouse and i have continually noticed that a lot of people are desirous to lose weight since they wish to look slim and attractive. Having said that, they do not generally realize that there are other benefits for losing weight in addition. Doctors assert that obese people come across a variety of ailments that can be instantly attributed to the excess weight. Fortunately that people that are overweight along with suffering from diverse diseases are able to reduce the severity of the illnesses by losing weight. It’s possible to see a slow but noted improvement in health whenever even a minor amount of weight loss is reached.

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  131. One other issue is when you are in a predicament where you do not possess a co-signer then you may want to try to wear out all of your federal funding options. You will find many grants or loans and other grants that will provide you with finances to assist with university expenses. Thanks for the post.

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  134. One more thing to say is that an online business administration program is designed for learners to be able to smoothly proceed to bachelor’s degree programs. The 90 credit education meets the lower bachelor education requirements when you earn your associate of arts in BA online, you will have access to the modern technologies with this field. Some reasons why students are able to get their associate degree in business is because they can be interested in the field and want to obtain the general instruction necessary just before jumping in to a bachelor diploma program. Thanks alot : ) for the tips you provide within your blog.

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